北京天譯翻譯公司是北京地區(qū)一家大型的專業(yè)翻譯公司，在多種領(lǐng)域均有著豐富的翻譯經(jīng)驗。立足北京并致力于在上海、大連、廣州、等地提供翻譯服務(wù)。公司整合了各地的資源，并在北京、上海、廣州等地建立了翻譯公司分部，以依托外資開發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)氐姆g市場。天譯翻譯公司的翻譯人員都有著優(yōu)秀的翻譯水平，公司的所有翻譯均有著深厚的行業(yè)背景和翻譯經(jīng)驗，對所翻譯的行業(yè)有著深刻的理解，從而能夠 翻譯項目的質(zhì)量。公司致力于為每位客戶提供專業(yè)快速的翻譯服務(wù)，并成為溝通世界與中國的橋梁。

基因詞匯Gene

A

activation domain 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 活化結(jié)構(gòu)域

adapters 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 連接物

adenine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腺嘌呤

adenosine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腺

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腺二磷酸

affinity column 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 親和柱

AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 增值性斷片長度多態(tài)現(xiàn)象

agrobacterium 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 農(nóng)桿菌屬

alanine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 丙氨酸

allele 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 等位基因

amber mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 琥珀型突變

AMP (adenosine monophosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腺一磷酸

ampicillin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 氨？青霉素

anchor primer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 錨狀引物

annealing 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 退火

annealing temperature 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 退火溫度

anticodon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反密碼子

AP-PCR (arbitrarily primed PCR) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 任意引物聚合？鏈反應(yīng)

arbitrary primer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 任意引物

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腺三磷酸

autosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 常染色體

B

baculovirus 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 桿狀病毒

base pair 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基對

base sequence 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基順序

beta-galactosidase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 β-半乳糖？

beta-glucuronidase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 β-葡糖醛酸糖？

bioluminescence 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 生物發(fā)光

bioremediation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 生物降解

biotechnology 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 生物技術(shù)

blotting 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 印跡法

blue-white selection 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 藍白斑篩選

blunt end 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 平(整末)端

C

catalyst 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 催化劑

cDNA library 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反向轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA庫

centromere 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 著絲體

centrosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 中心體

chemiluminescence 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 化學(xué)發(fā)光

chiasma 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 交叉

chromomere 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色粒

chromoplast 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 有色體

chromosomal aberration 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體畸變

chromosomal duplication 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體復(fù)制

chromosomal fibre 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體牽絲

chromosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體

chromosome complement 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體組

chromosome map 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體圖

chromosome mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 染色體突變

clone 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 克隆

cloning 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 無性繁殖系化

codon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 密碼子

codon degeneracy 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 密碼簡并

codon usage 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 密碼子選擇

cohesive end 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 黏性末端

complementary DNA (cDNA) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反向轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA

complementary gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 互補基因

consensus sequence 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 共有序列

construct 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 組成

cosmids 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 黏性質(zhì)粒

crossing over 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 互換

cyclic AMP (cAMP) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 環(huán)腺酸

cytosine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 胞嘧啶

D

dark band 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 暗帶

deamination 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫氨基作用

decarboxylation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫羧基作用

degenerate code 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 簡并密碼

degenerate PCR 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 退化性聚合？鏈反應(yīng)

dehydrogenase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫氫？

denaturation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 變性

deoxyribonucleoside diphospahte 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫氧核糖核一磷酸

deoxyribonucleoside monophospahte 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫氧核糖核二磷酸

deoxyribonucleoside triphospahte 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脫氧核糖核三磷酸

deoxyribose 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 去(脫)氧核糖

dicarboxylic acid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 二羧酸

digoxigenin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 洋地黃毒

diploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 二倍體

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 去(脫)氧核糖核酸

DNA binding domain 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA結(jié)合性結(jié)構(gòu)域

DNA fingerprinting 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA指紋圖譜

DNA helicase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA解螺旋？

DNA kinase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA激？

DNA ligase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA連接？

DNA polymer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA聚合物

DNA polymerase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 DNA聚合？

double helix 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 雙螺旋

double-strand 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 雙鏈

E

electroporation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 電穿孔

endonuclease 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 內(nèi)切核酸？

enhancer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 增強子

enterokinase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 腸激？

episome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 游離基因

ethidium bromide 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 溴乙錠

eukaryotic 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 真核生物的

euploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 整倍體

exonuclease 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 外切核酸？

expressed-sequence tags 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 表達的序列標(biāo)記片段

extron 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 外含子

F

F factor 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 F因子

FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 黃素腺嘌呤二(雙)核酸

feedback control 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反饋控制

feedback inhibition 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反饋抑制

feedback mechanism 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反饋機制

first filial (F1) generation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 第一子代

FISH (fluoresence in situ hybridization) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 熒光原位雜交

forward mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 正向突變

F-pilus 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 F纖毛

functional complementation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 功能性互補作用

fusion protein 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 融合蛋白

G

gel electrophoresis 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 凝膠電泳

gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因

gene cloning 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因克隆

gene conversion 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因轉(zhuǎn)變

gene duplication 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因復(fù)制

gene flow 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因流動

gene gun 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因槍

gene interaction 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因相互作用

gene locus 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因位點

gene mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因突變

gene regulation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因調(diào)節(jié)

gene segregation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因分離

gene therapy 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因治療

geneome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因組 / 染色體組

genetic map 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因圖

genetic modified foods (GM foods) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因食物

genetics 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 遺傳學(xué)

genetypic ratio 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因型比 / 基因型比值

genome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因組 / 染色體組

genomic library 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因組文庫

genotype 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因型

giant chromosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 巨染色體

globulin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 球蛋白

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 6-磷酸葡萄糖脫氫？

GP (glycerate phosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 磷酸甘油酸脂

GTP (guanine triphosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 鳥三磷酸

guanine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 鳥嘌呤

H

haploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單倍體

haploid generation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單倍世代

heredity 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 遺傳

heterochromatin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 異染色質(zhì)

Hfr strain 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 高頻重組菌株

holoenzyme 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 全？

homologous 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 同源的

housekeeping gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 家務(wù)基因

hybridization 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 雜交

I

immunoglobulin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 免疫球蛋白

in vitro 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 在體外 / 在試管內(nèi)

in vivio 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 在體內(nèi)

independent assortment 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 獨立分配

induced mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 誘發(fā)性突變

induction 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 誘導(dǎo)

initiation codon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 起始密碼子

inosine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 次黃

insert 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 插入片段

insertional inactivation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 插入失活

interference 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 干擾

intergenic 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因間的

interphase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 間期

intragenic 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 基因內(nèi)的

intron 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 內(nèi)含子

inversion 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 倒位

isocaudarner 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 同尾酸

isoschizomer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 同切點？

J

K

kanamycin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 卡那毒素

klenow fragment 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 克列諾夫片段

L

lac operon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 乳糖操縱子

ligase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 連接？

ligation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 連接作用

light band 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 明帶

linker 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 連接體

liposome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 脂質(zhì)體

locus 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 位點

M

map distance 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 圖距離

map unit 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 圖距單位

mature transcript 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 成熟轉(zhuǎn)錄物

metaphase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 中期

methylase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 甲基化？

methylation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 甲基化作用

microarray 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 微列

microinjection 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 微注射

missense mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 錯差突變

molecular genetics 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 分子遺傳學(xué)

monoploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單倍體

monosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單染色體

messenger RNA (mRNA) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 信使RNA

multiple alleles 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 復(fù)(多)等位基因

mutagen 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 誘變劑

mutagenesis 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 誘變

mutant 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變體

mutant gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變基因

mutant strain 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變株

mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變

mutation rate 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變率

muton 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 突變子

N

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸

NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核酸磷酸

nicking activity 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 切割活性

nonsense codon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 無意義密碼子

nonsense mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 無意義突變

Northern blot 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 Northern印跡法

nuclear DNA 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核DNA

nuclear gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核基因

nuclease 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核酸？

nucleic acid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核酸

nucleoside 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核

nucleoside triphosphate 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核三磷酸

nucleotidase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核酸？

nucleotide 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核酸

nucleotide sequence 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核酸序列

O

oligonucleotide 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 寡核酸

one gene one polypeptide hypothesis 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 一個基因一種？學(xué)說

operon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 操縱子

oxidative decarboxylation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 氧化脫羧作用

oxidative phosphorylation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 氧化磷酸化作用

P

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 聚合？鏈反應(yīng)

peptide 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 ？

peptide bond 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 ？鍵

phagemids 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 噬菌粒

phosphorylation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 磷酸化作用

physical map 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 物理圖譜

plasmid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 質(zhì)粒

point mutation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 點突變

poly(A) tail 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 poly(A)尾

polymerase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 聚合？

polyploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 多倍體

positional cloning 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 位置性無性繁殖系化

primary transcript 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 初級轉(zhuǎn)錄物

primer 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 引物

probe 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 探針

prokaryotic 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 原核的

promoter 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 啟動子

protease 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 蛋白？

purine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 嘌呤

pyrimidine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 嘧啶

Q

R

random segregation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 隨機分離

RAPD (rapid amplified polymorphic DNA) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 快速擴增多態(tài)DNA

reading frame 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 閱讀碼框

recessive gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 隱性基因

recombinant 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 重組體

recombinant DNA technology 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 重組DNA技術(shù)

recombination 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 重組

regulator (gene) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 調(diào)控基因

replica 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 復(fù)制物 / 印模

replica plating 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 復(fù)制平皿(板)培養(yǎng)法

replication 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 復(fù)制

replication origin 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 復(fù)制起點

reporter gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 報道基因

repression 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 阻遏

repressor 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 阻遏物

repressor gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 阻遏基因

resistance strain 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 抗藥性菌株

restriction 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 限制作用

restriction enzyme 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 限制性內(nèi)切？

restriction mapping 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 限制性內(nèi)切？圖譜

retrovirus 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒

reverse transcription 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 反轉(zhuǎn)錄作用

RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphisms) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 限制性斷片長度多態(tài)現(xiàn)象

ribonucleotide 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核糖核酸

ribose 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核糖

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核糖體RNA

ribosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核糖體

RNA (ribonucleic acid) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 核糖核酸

RNA polymerase I 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 RNA聚合？I

RNA polymerase II 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 RNA聚合？II

RNA polymerase III 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 RNA聚合？III

R-plasmid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 R質(zhì)粒 / 抗藥性質(zhì)粒

S

second filial (F2) generation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 第二子代

self-ligation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 自我連接作用

shuttle vectors 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 穿梭載體

sigma factor 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 σ因子

single nucleotide polymorphism 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單核酸多態(tài)性

single-stranded DNA 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 單鏈DNA

sister chromatid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 姊妹染色單體

sister chromosome 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 姊妹染色體

site-directed mutagenesis 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 定點誘變

somatic cell 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 體細胞

Southern blot 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 Southern印跡法

splice 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 拼接

star activity 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 星號活性

stationary phase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 靜止生長期

sticky end 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 黏性末端

stop codon 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 終止密碼子

structural gene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 結(jié)構(gòu)基因

supernatant 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 上層清液

supressor 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 抑制基因

T

telophase 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 末期

template 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 模板

terminator 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 終止子

tetracycline 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 四環(huán)素

thymine 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 胸腺嘧啶

tissue culture 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 組織培養(yǎng)

transcription 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 轉(zhuǎn)錄作用

transfer RNA (tRNA) 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 轉(zhuǎn)移RNA

transformation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 轉(zhuǎn)化作用

transgene 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 轉(zhuǎn)基因

translation 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 翻譯 / 平移

transmembrane 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 跨膜

triplet 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 三聯(lián)體

triplet code 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 三聯(lián)體密碼

triploid 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 三倍體

U

V

vector 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 載體

W

Western blot 〈基因詞匯Gene〉 Western印跡法

A

alternative splicing -- Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons and introns， the latter being removed by RNA splicing before transcribed mRNA leaves the nucleus. Commonly， a single gene can encode several different mRNA transcripts， caused by cell- or tissue-specific combination of different exons. This is known as alternative splicing.

Annealing -- The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix (see also hybridization)

Antisense strand -- the DNA strand of a gene which， during transcription， is used as a template by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA strand.

反股 -- 意指一股DN**段為基因之所在，因此可用來當(dāng)做模版使得RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄脢在轉(zhuǎn)錄RNA時，可以合成和此DN**段完全結(jié)合的RN**段。

B

Bifurcation -- The graphical representation in a phylogenetic tree of an evolutionary speciation event whereby an ancestral taxon splits into two.

分歧點 -- 在演化的種形成事件中，物種由相同來源一分為二，其在種系發(fā)生樹中的圖示點。

blotting -- General term for the transfer of protein， RNA or DNA molecules from a relatively thick acrylamide or agarose gel to a paper-like membrane (usually nylon or nitrocellulose) by capillarity or an electric field， preserving the spatial arrangment. Once on the membrane， the molecules are immobilized， typically by baking or by ultraviolet irradiation， and can then be detected at high sensitivity by hybridization (in the case of DNA and RNA)， or antibody labelling (in the case of protein). RNA blots are called Northern blots; DNA blots， Southern; protein blots， Western.

Blunt ends -- Descriptive of the structure of double-stranded DNA in which neither strand of the duplex extends further from the end than the other; often the product of cleavage by a restriction endonuclease. (see also sticky ended)

Branch -- The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree.

分枝 -- 在種系發(fā)生樹中，物種演化相互關(guān)系的圖示。

C

Cancer Genome Anatomy Project -- The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) is an interdisciplinary program established and administered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to generate the information and technological tools needed to decipher the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell.

癌癥基因體解剖計劃 -- 癌癥基因體解剖計劃（CGAP）已經(jīng)由國際癌癥學(xué)會（NCI）建立并經(jīng)營于于各個學(xué)科間，主要是產(chǎn)生信息及技術(shù)工具以便解決癌癥細胞的分子解剖的各項秘密

Cap -- a specialized chemical group that is naturally added to the 5’ end of mRNA.

帽子 -- 一個特殊群，在自然下會加到5端的mRNA上

CASP -- Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction

CASP -- 于蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)測上作一關(guān)鍵性的技術(shù)評估

cDNA -- Complementary DNA; DNA that is synthesized， by reverse transcriptase， from an mRNA template， and therefore has no introns. (see also genomic DNA)

cDNA library -- A collection of cells， usually E. coli， transformed by DNA vectors each of which contains a different cDNA insert synthesized from a collection of mRNA species. (see also genomic library)

Cis-element -- a regulatory DNA sequence that serves as a protein binding site and controls the transcription of adjacent genes.

Clade -- A complete group of organisms derived from a common ancestor.

進化枝，分化枝 -- 生物體的全部族群源自于共同始祖

Cloning vector -- A technique for obtaining the desired gene that involves "chopping up" the entire genetic complement of a cell using restriction enzymes， then attaching each (resultant) DNA fragment to a vector and transferring it into a bacterium， and finally screening those (engineered) bacteria to locate the bacteria that are producing the desired product (e.g.， a protein).

Codon -- a nucleotide triplet which specifies an amino acid or a signal for terminating the synthesis of a polypeptide.

密碼子 -- 對應(yīng)到特定胺基酸的核甘酸三聯(lián)體或使多月太鏈合成中止的訊號

Consensus tree -- A branching diagram produced using a method for combining the grouping information contained in a set of cladograms for the same taxa into a single topology.

共同樹 -- 利用分枝圖分群方式合并分群訊息， 使相同之taxa包含在進化枝的集合中

Convergence -- The independent evolution of similar genetic or phenotypic traits.

收斂 -- 具相似基因或表現(xiàn)型特征的獨立演化

CpG islands -- short stretch of DNA， often 〈1 kb， containing CpG dinucleotides which are unmethylated and present at the expected frequency. CpG islands often occur at transcriptionally active DNA.

CpG island -- 長度小于 1000 個堿基的脫氧核糖核酸 ， 其中包含未甲基化的CpG 雙核甘酸序列 ， 并以特定的頻率出現(xiàn) . CpG island 通常出現(xiàn)在隨時準(zhǔn)備好轉(zhuǎn)錄或轉(zhuǎn)譯的脫氧核糖核酸中可以觀察到

D

dbEST -- dbEST is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences， or Expressed Sequence Tags， from a number of organisms.

表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟數(shù)據(jù)庫 -- 表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟數(shù)據(jù)庫是基因庫內(nèi)的一部份，內(nèi)含序列數(shù)據(jù)庫和”只有單股定序”的互補DNA(cDNA)序列信息或一些生物體的表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)幟

Denaturation -- The destruction of the ordered folding of a protein or nucleic acid that is required for its normal function. Protein denaturation often involves a change from a specific globular or fibrous conformation to a random coil; nucleic acid denaturation often involves the dissociation of a duplex into single strands. (see also native structure)

Digital Differential Display -- Survey sequencing of mRNA gene products provides an indirect means of generating gene expression fingerprints for cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Digital Differential Display (DDD) is a computer method for comparing these fingerprints. Using a statistical test， genes whose expression levels differ significantly from one tissue to the next are identified and shown to the user.

數(shù)字差異陳列 -- 觀察mRNA基因的序列產(chǎn)生提供一間接方法為了癌癥細胞及與癌癥細胞極為相似但是正常的細胞能夠產(chǎn)生基因表現(xiàn)指紋。數(shù)字差異陳列（DDD）是利用計算機統(tǒng)計的方法來比較各個組織不同層級的基因表現(xiàn)。

Distance (evolutionary distance) -- A measure of the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site between two homologous DNA sequences that have accumulated since the divergence between the sequences.

距離（演化遠近）-- 從兩條相似DNA序列間發(fā)生相異處收集每個核甘酸位置發(fā)生替換個數(shù)的量度

Divergence -- The splitting of a taxonomic unit into two.

DNA cloning -- The production of a lineage of cells all of which contain one kind of DNA fragment of interest derived from a population of many kinds of DNA fragments. Operationally by:

inserting (recombining) a population of DNA molecules， known to contain the DNA of interest， into a population of vector DNA molecules in such a way that each vector molecule contains only a single DNA molecule from the original population;

transforming a population of host cells with the vector DNA recombinants such that each host cell takes up only one vector;

growing single host cells separately (cloning) by plating at low density to form a collection of separate colonies;

screening the colonies (clones) formed for the presence of the DNA of interest.

DNA library -- A library composed of complementary copies of cellular messenger RNAs.

DNA microarray -- Initially developed by Patrick Brown during the 1980s， these microarrays enable analysis of the levels of expression of genes in an organism， or comparison of gene expression levels (e.g.， between diseased and non-diseased tissues) via hybridization of messenger RNA (mRNA) to its counterpart DNA sequence... when biological samples containing DNA (e.g.， in liquid) are passed-over the array surface.

DNA polymerase -- An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that polymerize DNA nucleotides using single or double-stranded DNA as a template.

dot blot -- Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper， a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by using a peroxidase-coupled second antibody， as in Western blot or by other visualization methods.

點印 -- 偵測特殊蛋白質(zhì)或遺傳訊息的方法. 在硝化纖維紙上點上特殊的點狀溶液， 其中含有特殊的抗體或探針，在這些抗體或探針上再使用過氧化反應(yīng)連結(jié)上二次抗體，用以提供呈色反應(yīng)， 就類似西方轉(zhuǎn)漬反應(yīng)或者其它類似的方法.

E

Ectopic (illegitimate) transcription -- low-level transcription in many cell types of genes which are predominantly expressed in certain types of cell

易位(不合規(guī)則)轉(zhuǎn)錄 -- 在許多形式細胞低量轉(zhuǎn)錄某些特定細胞顯著表現(xiàn)的基因

exon -- The sequences of the RNA primary transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighbouring exons are separated by introns.

表現(xiàn)子 -- 離開原子核成為訊息核糖核酸分子的核糖核酸主要轉(zhuǎn)錄序列。 在主要轉(zhuǎn)錄過程附近，表現(xiàn)子會被介入子所分開。

F

G

gene -- Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity but the meaning has changed with increasing knowledge. It is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome， the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. Given the occurrence of split genes， it might be re-defined as the set of DNA sequences (exons) that are required to produce a single polypeptide.

基因 -- 原本是定義遺傳上的物質(zhì)單位，但隨著知識的增加意義也隨之改變。也許現(xiàn)在較好定義它是遺傳上的單位，占有染色體上一個特別的區(qū)域，可被證實有不同的對偶型式。對分離的基因來說，它可被定義成一組需要用來產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的脫氧核糖核酸序列，即外子。

genomic DNA -- DNA that has been isolated from a cell and therefore contains introns， as opposed to cDNA

Genomic library -- A collection of transformed cells， each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism， e.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. (see also cDNA library)

Glycosylation -- the addition of carbohydrates to proteins.

醣化作用 -- 在蛋白質(zhì)上連接碳水化合物。

H

Helicase -- A protein that unwinds DNA at replication forks.]

HGI -- HGI， the Human Gene Index， replaced the Human cDNA Database(HCD) in April of 1997. HGI contains human EST sequences sequenced at TIGR as well as human ESTs from GenBanks dbEST database. There are a set of 29 non-human gene indices at TIGR. All the information contained in these databases is free， no password or contract is required as it was with HCD. In addition to the Indices， TIGR offers the TIGR Microbial Database， the TIGR Parasites Database， the Expressed Gene Anatomy Database， and the BAC End Sequence Database.

HGI -- 全名為Human Gene Index。是人類基因的參考索引，在1997年4月時候取代了HCD(Human cDNA Database)的功能。HGI包含NCBI(GeneBank)中db EST數(shù)據(jù)庫及TIGER機構(gòu)所定序出來的人類表現(xiàn)序列標(biāo)志(EST)序列信息。此外，在TIGER機構(gòu)中也有29個非人類的基因參考索引(non-human gene indices)，而且所有信息都是免費的;像HCD一般，不需簽合約與通關(guān)密碼就可取得信息。除了基因的參考索引，TIGER機構(gòu)也提供微生物數(shù)據(jù)庫(TIGER Microbial Database)、寄生蟲數(shù)據(jù)庫(TIGER Parasites Databases)、表現(xiàn)基因之解剖學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(Expressed Gene Anatomy Database)以及BAC載體端序列數(shù)據(jù)庫(BAC End Sequence Database)。

Housekeeping genes -- Tissue-specific gene expression

持家基因 -- 屬于特定組織才有的基因表現(xiàn)

Hybridization -- (of nucleic acids) Technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes， or hybrids， are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar， complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridization can be carried out in solution or with one component immobilized on a gel or， most commonly， nitrocellulose paper. Hybrids are detected by various means: visualization in the electron microscope; by radioactively labelling one component and removing non-complexed DNA; or by washing or digestion with an enzyme that attacks single-stranded nucleic acids and finally estimating the radioactivity bound. Hybridizations are done in all combinations: DNA-DNA (DNA can be rendered single-stranded by heat denaturation)， DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA. In situ hybridizations involve hybridizing a labelled nucleic acid (often labelled with a fluorescent dye) to suitably prepared cells or histological sections. This is used particularly to look for specific transcription or localization of genes to specific chromosomes (FISH analysis).The time- and temperature-dependent process by which two complementary single-stranded polynucleotides associate to form a double helix = annealing (hybridization)

Homology -- Similarity by common ancestry or genetic relatedness.

I

I.M.A.G.E. Consortium Goals -- The I.M.A.G.E. Consortium was initiated in 1993 by four academic groups on a collaborative basis after informal discussions led to a common vision of how to achieve an important goal in the study of the human genome: the Integrated Molecular Analysis of Genomes and their Expression. Specifically， we share high-quality， arrayed cDNA libraries and place sequence， map， and expression data on the clones in these arrays into the public domain. Using this information， unique clones can be rearrayed to form a "master array" which we hope will ultimately contain a representative cDNA from each and every gene in the genome under study. The human and mouse genomes are the first to be studied. Recently， rat， zebrafish， and Xenopus have been added， and we anticipate arraying (and sharing) cDNA libraries from additional species over time. All of our clones are available free of any royalties， and may be used by anyone agreeing with our guidelines.

I.M.A.G.E. 聯(lián)盟目標(biāo) -- 公元1993 年四個學(xué)術(shù)團隊在非正式討論后，對于如何達成人類基因體研究重要目標(biāo)有了共識，因此開始合作I.M.A.G.E. 聯(lián)盟：基因體及其表現(xiàn)的整合性分子層次分析。尤其我們將高品質(zhì)排列好的互補脫氧核糖核酸（ cDNA ） 數(shù)據(jù)庫以及這些微盤數(shù)組中植株的序列圖譜和表現(xiàn)資料置于公眾領(lǐng)域。利用這個信息，我們希望將來可以產(chǎn)生包含研究中基因體每一個基因的各個代表性互補脫氧核糖核酸的最終「原版微盤數(shù)組」， 并從其中重新排列出一種的植株組。較先研究的是人類和小鼠的基因體。近來大鼠，斑馬魚和非洲有爪水生蛙（ Xenopus ）的研究陸續(xù)加入，我們預(yù)期排列（和共享）新加入研究物種的互補脫氧核糖核酸數(shù)據(jù)庫也會陸續(xù)產(chǎn)生。我們所有的植株免任何授權(quán)費提供任何人在同意我們規(guī)范指導(dǎo)下的使用。

Informative site -- A site that is used to choose the most-parsimonious tree from among all the possible phylogenetic trees. In molecular evolution， a site where there are at least two different kinds of nucleotides or amino acids， and each of them is represented in at least two sequences.

intron -- A non-coding sequence of DNA within a gene (cf. exon)， that is transcribed into hnRNA but is then removed by RNA splicing in the nucleus， leaving a mature mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm. Introns are poorly conserved and of variable length， but the regions at the ends are self-complementary， allowing a hairpin structure to form naturally in the hnRNA; this is the cue for removal by RNA splicing. Introns are thought to play an important role in allowing rapid evolution of proteins by exon shuffling. Genes may contain as many as 80 introns.

介入子 -- 基因內(nèi)未編碼的DNA序列(參見編碼順序)， 雖然它轉(zhuǎn)錄成hnRNA， 但在細胞核內(nèi)RNA剪接后移除， 保留成熟的mRNA， 亦即在細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)進行轉(zhuǎn)譯. Intron 不易保存且長度多變， 但在末端區(qū)域它能自我互補， 并且在hnRNA內(nèi)行成自然型式的發(fā)簪結(jié)構(gòu)， 這暗示著RNA剪接后移除. Intron 在蛋白質(zhì)編碼順序曳步的快速發(fā)展扮演重要角色， 基因中可能含有80個以上的 intron.

J

K

L

Lagging strand (Okazaki fragment) -- Fragments of a single-stranded DNA synthesized on the discontinuous site of a DNA replication fork. (see also semi-discontinuous)

Leading strand -- The continuous DNA strand synthesized at a fork during DNA replication. (see also lagging strand; semi-discontinuous)

Ligase -- One of a class of enzymes that join two substrate molecules in energy- (usually ATP-) dependent reaction， e.g. an amino acyl-tRNA synthetase， a carboxylase; in molecular biology， an enzyme that attaches the 3-end of one polynucleotide to the 5-end of another. (see also synthetase)

Locus control region (LCR) -- a stretch of DNA containing regulatory elements which control the expression of genes in a gene cluster that may be located tens of kilobases away.

基因點控制區(qū) -- 一群基因叢集中額外含有控制基因表現(xiàn)的調(diào)節(jié)子的DNA，可能位于數(shù)萬個堿基之外

M

Maximum parsimony -- The selection of the phylogenetic tree requiring the least number of substitutions from among all possible phylogenetic trees as the most likely to be the true tree.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) -- an RNA molecule that serves as a template for protein synthesis.

信使核糖核酸 -- 核糖核酸的一種，當(dāng)?shù)鞍踪|(zhì)合成中當(dāng)作模板指定訊息的轉(zhuǎn)譯。

Monophyletic -- Sharing a common ancestor.

Multifurcation -- A graphical representation of an unknown branching order in a phylogenetic tree involving three or more taxa. Rarely， a graphical representation of a speciation event resulting in the simultaneous production of more than two species.

N

Natural selection (selection) -- Differential reproduction of different members of a species due to the variability in fitness among individuals or genotypes， leading to changes in allele frequencies over time.

天擇 -- 天擇是改變對偶基因頻率的主要因素，因為天擇的結(jié)果使某種基因型的個體減少，因而改變原有的對偶基因頻率。

Neutral mutation -- Evolution at the molecular level is primarily determined by mutational input and random genetic drift， rather than by natural selection.

天然突變 -- 演化過程中在分子的層次上主要是經(jīng)由隨機的基因流而決定，并非藉由天擇所影響。

Northern blot -- An electroblotting method in which RNA is transferred to a filter and detected by hybridization to32 P-labelled RNA or DNA.

北方轉(zhuǎn)漬法 -- 一種電子轉(zhuǎn)印方法，將 RNA 轉(zhuǎn)移至濾紙上，加上要試驗的放射性標(biāo)志RNA或DNA，以進行雜合，以自動顯影技術(shù)觀察

O

P

PDB -- Protein Data Bank

PDB -- 蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫

Phylogenetics -- The reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of taxa or genes.

中性(一般)突變 -- 分子層次的演化，主要來自天然突變和遺傳漂變，而不是天擇。

系統(tǒng)發(fā)生學(xué)重建生物之間數(shù)個相關(guān)種或一群相關(guān)基因的演化歷史

Phylogeny -- The evolutionary history of a group of taxa or genes and their ancestors.

Poly-A tail -- a tract of about 200 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ ends of eukaryotic mRNAs.

Polyadenylation -- the process of adding a poly-A tail to a pre-mRNA.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -- The first practical system for in vitro amplification of DNA， and as such one of the most important recent developments in molecular biology. Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers， which are complementary to two regions of the target DNA (one for each strand) to be amplified， are added to the target DNA (that need not be pure)， in the presence of excess deoxynucleotides and Taq polymerase〉 Taqpolymerase， a heat-stable DNA polymerase. In a series (typically 30) of temperature cycles， the target DNA is repeatedly denatured (around 90°C)， annealed to the primers (typically at 50-60°C) and a daughter strand extended from the primers (72°C). As the daughter strands themselves act as templates for subsequent cycles， DNA fragments matching both primers are amplified exponentially， rather than linearly. The original DNA need thus be neither pure nor abundant， and the PCR reaction has accordingly become widely used not only in research， but in clinical diagnostics and forensic science.

聚合(酉每)反應(yīng) -- 以人工方法將一段DNA復(fù)制，是分子生物近期的一項重大發(fā)明。利用兩種合成的引發(fā)物(primer)，互補于目標(biāo)DNA的兩端(分別在不同的單股)，加入目標(biāo)DNA(不需特別純化)，加入過量的dNTP和Taq聚合(酉每)( Taq聚合(酉每) : 是耐熱(酉每) )。在一連續(xù)的溫度變化周期(典型30個周期)，重復(fù)的使目標(biāo)DNA變性(約攝氏90度)，黏附住引發(fā)物(典型于攝氏50-60度)借此延伸復(fù)制出子股(攝氏72度)。而子股則在下一次的周期中被當(dāng)成新的模板，這些DN**段以指數(shù)性倍率被復(fù)制，并非線性。如此一來取得的DNA可以容許不夠干凈或量極少，因此聚合(酉每)反應(yīng)不只用于科學(xué)研究，也被廣泛的用于臨床使用和法醫(yī)學(xué)上。

Pre-mRNA -- the primary transcripts that are processed to form messenger RNAs in eukaryotic cells.

信使核糖核酸前驅(qū)物 -- 為脫氧核糖核酸經(jīng)由轉(zhuǎn)錄而得的最初轉(zhuǎn)錄體，要再經(jīng)過修飾處理才變成信使核糖核酸，在真核生物中，修飾的作用包括5’端的加帽作用及3’端的聚腺核苷酸化作用，此外，也會進行編碼序列剪接作用。

Primase -- An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.

Primer -- An RNA sequence hybridized to a DNA template whose elongation by a DNA polymerase constitutes DNA synthesis. A random primer is a mixture of polynucleotides with all four bases at each sequence position; an arbitrary primer is a single species with a single base at each sequence position.

Probe -- A polynucleotide， often radiolabelled， used to detect complementary sequences， e.g. an mRNA used to locate its gene by a corresponding Southern blotting method.= hybridization probe

Promoter -- a combination of short sequence elements to which RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription of a gene.

R

Reading frame -- The translational reading frame describes the mechanism which moves a